Double Pledging

The fraudulent assignment or pledging of the same asset as collateral to two or more separate lenders simultaneously. Most common in commodity finance, accounts receivable, and automotive lending; requires real-time IVA/deduplication to prevent.

IVA (Inventory Verification Agent)

Independent third party verifying the existence, quantity, condition, and ownership of physical assets used as collateral. Key KPIs: Exception Detection Rate, Duplicate Hit Rate, Turnaround Time, Verification Coverage, Data Latency.

ICA (Independent Collateral Agent)

A single agent holding and managing collateral identifiers across all facilities with the same originator, providing cross-lender visibility without requiring direct data sharing between funders. An emerging structural response to double-pledging risk.